The team members drove in turn, attempting to record their best lap time. In the solo driving condition, each participant in team yu.sys drove the kart in the morning on the day after the second race, using the same circuit on which the race had been run. The order of drivers was the same as in the first race, and the driving period ranged from 10 to 30 min. Team yu.sys had seven changes imposed upon it so all participants drove the kart at least twice. In the second race, all teams were required to change drivers in turn, according to their mean weight, to make race conditions similar. In the first race, all participants drove the kart once for approximately equal periods of time amounting to about 40 min. As part of both races, there were 30 min practice sessions running in the morning, and then the real race began in the afternoon. This series of races was of the endurance type, the first lasting 2 hours and the second 3 hours. In the race situation, the three participants formed a team called "team yu.sys", which took part in a sports kart race series, held on July 20 and December 6, 2009, at Biwako (Lake Biwa) Sports Land, Japan. The four-wheel machine used in this study was a CRG sports kart, being an entry-level formula car, consisting of a CRG chassis (KALIFIRNIA, CRG Corp.), four cycle engine (KX21, SUBARU Corp.), and rain tyre (DFK2, Dunlop Corp.). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary examination of the effect of competition on heart rate during four-wheel car driving by comparing HR during competitive and solo driving. ![]() Plainly, in general terms both are motor sports, but in fact there are many differences between them, such as the operability of the machine, the very different seating, the influences of the intensity and vector of g-force on the body, and the risks of injury in the event of an accident. However, these findings were obtained only from motorcycles, so the generalizability of these results to four-wheel car driving is still unknown. That is, regardless of engine size, reflecting required physical demands, HR during competition is higher than that during free run and qualifying sessions. These studies had well-controlled experimental design, and their results were in accordance with our prediction. To date, there are only two reported motor sports studies that examined the heart rate during both competitive and solo conditions. The rationale for our present study arises from this background concerning the possible competitive factors influencing cardiovascular responses in motor sports athletes. Thus, unless intense g-forces increase HR to a maximum level, competition induced mental stress during motor sports should increase heart rate. showed that heart rate during the task is higher in the competition condition than that in the solo and co-operation conditions. For example, a laboratory study using a motorized toy racing car game task conducted by Harrison et al. It is striking that psychophysiological studies have shown that such mental effort provokes β adrenergic sympathetic nerve activation, typically measured as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output, although such β adrenergic activation was often accompanied by parasympathetic withdrawal. Nevertheless, appropriate physical strength to deal with the isometric challenge presented by intense g-forces is of course necessary. In motor sports, however, it would appear that the aim to win arises primarily through mental rather than physical effort. ![]() In most sports, the process of competing involves both physical and mental efforts. However, such a view does not necessarily rule out the involvement of emotional stress, particularly that induced by competition as previously proposed by Schwaberger, and Taggart and Carruthers. ![]() The rationale behind these suggestions was that blood lactate concentration immediately after motor sports and VO 2 during motor sports consistently increased. Recent studies have tended to attribute such HR increases to intense physical demands of high-speed driving, as previously proposed by Falkner. showed that mean HR during racing kart driving was elevated to 150 beats/min, and that this level was maintained over almost the entire 35 min driving period. Accumulating evidence shows that heart rate (HR) dramatically increases during motor sports.
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